Embodied AI Glossary中文03Hardware & Body Parts
Take the robot apart: what motors, gearboxes, lead screws, dexterous hands, and compute platforms each actually do. · 195 terms
- 3.1Actuators and joint modules8
- 3.2Motor types and specs21
- 3.3Gearboxes, bearings, and lead screws20
- 3.4Drivers, encoders, and buses21
- 3.5Joint-drive design choices25
- 3.6Grippers and end effectors18
- 3.7Dexterous hands: design and products24
- 3.8Mobile bases and legs10
- 3.9Compute, controllers, and processing27
- 3.10Batteries, frame, and lab gear21
3.1Actuators and joint modules
Having seen robot forms, start with the parts that make them move: actuators, joint modules, and servos.
- Actuator执行器The part that converts electrical, hydraulic, or pneumatic energy into motion and force — a robot's “muscle.”
- Rotary Actuator旋转执行器An actuator whose output is rotation, the power unit behind a robot's rotating joints.
- Linear Actuator (Electric Cylinder)线性执行器（直线执行器 / 电缸）An actuator that pushes or pulls in a straight line instead of rotating.
- A robot joint unit that packages a motor, gearbox, encoder, and driver together into one part.
- Core Components核心零部件The key parts that determine a robot's performance and cost — traditionally the reducer, servo, and controller.
- A small position-control actuator with a motor, gears, position sensor, and control board built into one unit.
- ROBOTIS Dynamixel ServoDynamixel 舵机A smart bus-networked servo from Korea's ROBOTIS, the most common choice in research and low-cost arms.
- Feetech STS3215 Servo飞特 STS3215 舵机A serial-bus smart servo from Feetech, the standard joint used in LeRobot's SO-100/SO-101 arms.
3.2Motor types and specs
Open up a joint module and look at the motor: the main types, and how to read torque and heat on a spec sheet.
- Brushless DC Motor无刷直流电机A DC motor that swaps mechanical brushes for electronic commutation — the workhorse motor in robot joints.
- An AC motor with permanent magnets on its rotor, spinning in strict sync with the supply frequency.
- Servo Motor伺服电机A motor with position feedback that can be closed-loop controlled precisely for position and speed.
- Stepper Motor步进电机A motor that turns a fixed angle per pulse, so it can be positioned open-loop without an encoder.
- Frameless Torque Motor无框力矩电机A motor sold as just a stator and rotor, with no housing or bearings, built to be mounted straight into a joint.
- Outrunner Motor外转子电机A brushless motor whose magnet-lined outer shell spins as the rotor, giving it high torque.
- Axial Flux Motor轴向磁通电机A flat, disc-shaped motor whose magnetic field crosses the air gap along the shaft's axis.
- Coreless Motor空心杯电机A small motor whose rotor has no iron core — just a self-supporting cup of windings — light and fast-responding.
- Rated Torque额定扭矩The torque a motor can output continuously for a long time without overheating.
- Peak Torque峰值扭矩The most torque a motor or joint can output briefly, but can't sustain.
- Stall Torque / No-Load Speed堵转扭矩 / 空载转速A motor's maximum torque when jammed still, and its top speed with no load attached.
- Torque-Speed Curve扭矩-转速曲线（T-N 曲线）A curve plotting the maximum torque a motor can deliver at each speed.
- A motor heats up with use, so the driver limits current by temperature and shuts down if it gets too hot.
- Circulating coolant through a joint motor to carry away winding heat, so it can sustain high torque longer.
- Torque Constant (Kt)力矩常数（Kt）How much torque a motor produces per amp of current, in newton-meters per amp (N·m/A).
- Motor Velocity Constant (KV Rating)KV 值（转速常数）How many more RPM a motor spins at no load for each extra volt applied.
- Torque Density扭矩密度How much torque a motor or joint produces per unit of weight (or volume).
- How much power a motor or joint delivers per kilogram, a measure of being light yet strong.
- Rare-Earth Permanent Magnet (NdFeB)稀土永磁（钕铁硼）A strong magnetic material made mainly of neodymium, iron, and boron, core to robot joint motors.
- Slotted vs. Slotless Brushless Motor有齿槽 / 无齿槽无刷电机Two brushless-motor designs distinguished by whether the stator core is slotted where the windings sit.
- Cogging Torque齿槽转矩The periodic pulsing torque from a permanent-magnet motor's magnets snapping toward stator teeth, even unpowered.
3.3Gearboxes, bearings, and lead screws
Motors spin fast but weak: gearboxes trade speed for torque, bearings carry the load, and lead screws turn rotation into straight-line motion.
- A geared mechanism mounted behind a motor that trades high speed and low torque for low speed and high torque.
- Gear Ratio减速比How many turns a motor makes for one turn of the output shaft.
- Backlash背隙The small bit of free play where the input reverses direction before the output actually starts moving.
- Planetary Gearbox行星减速器A gearbox that uses a sun gear, planet gears, and a ring gear to turn a motor's fast spin into high torque.
- A precision reducer that gets its ratio from a flexible gear ring bending elastically — compact with almost no backlash
- A precision two-stage reducer combining planetary gears with a cycloidal drive, stiff and high-capacity.
- Cycloidal Reducer摆线减速器A reducer that meshes an eccentrically spinning cycloidal disc with a ring of pins for a large speed reduction.
- Worm Gear蜗轮蜗杆A gear pair where a screw-shaped worm turns a wheel, giving a large reduction ratio and a 90° change in axis.
- Wave Generator波发生器The input component of a harmonic reducer: an elliptical cam and flexible bearing that force the flexspline into an oval.
- The thin-walled, externally toothed, cup-shaped flexible gear in a harmonic drive that gets flexed into an ellipse.
- The rigid, internally toothed outer ring of a harmonic drive, usually the fixed part.
- Crossed Roller Bearing交叉滚子轴承A thin bearing with rollers crossed at right angles, letting a single unit carry loads from every direction.
- A bearing with a very thin cross-section and a large bore, suited to compact, hollow robot joints.
- Ball Screw滚珠丝杠A screw and nut with ball bearings packed between their threads, turning rotation into linear motion efficiently.
- Planetary Roller Screw行星滚柱丝杠A screw drive that uses threaded rollers to turn motor rotation into high-force linear motion.
- Inverted Planetary Roller Screw反向式行星滚柱丝杠A planetary roller screw variant with the long thread cut inside the nut, so the rollers travel with the screw shaft.
- How far a screw's nut travels along the axis for one full turn of the screw.
- Trapezoidal Lead Screw & Self-Locking梯形丝杠（滑动丝杠）与自锁A lead screw with a trapezoidal thread that moves by sliding friction, and can lock itself when power is cut.
- Micro Lead Screw微型丝杠A screw only a few millimeters in diameter that turns a small motor's rotation into linear push-pull motion.
- Linear Motor直线电机A motor that outputs straight-line force and motion directly, with no screw or other transmission.
3.4Drivers, encoders, and buses
After mechanical parts, the electronics: drivers manage current, encoders measure angle, buses carry commands, plus power-loss protection.
- The power-electronics board that turns control commands into motor current and runs low-level control loops.
- Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)PWM（脉宽调制）Controlling average voltage or power by rapidly switching a signal and adjusting how long it stays high.
- Absolute Encoder绝对值编码器An encoder that gives a unique reading for every angle, so it knows its position even after a power cycle.
- Incremental Encoder增量式编码器An encoder that outputs pulses for each increment of rotation, needing a count to know position.
- Optical Encoder光电编码器A high-precision encoder that measures rotation angle by shining light through a marked disc.
- Magnetic Encoder磁编码器An angle sensor that uses a magnet plus a Hall or magnetoresistive chip to measure a motor shaft's rotation.
- Hall-Effect Sensor霍尔传感器A sensor that uses the Hall effect to turn changes in a magnetic field into an electrical signal.
- Inductive Encoder电感式编码器An encoder that measures angle or displacement using coils and electromagnetic induction.
- Resolver旋转变压器（旋变）An electromagnetic sensor, built like a small transformer, that measures motor shaft angle and resists heat and vibration.
- Dual Encoder双编码器A joint with one encoder at the motor and another at the output, reading both the motor's angle and the joint's true angle.
- Joint Zero Calibration (Homing)关节零位标定（回零）Telling a robot exactly where “zero degrees” is for each of its joints.
- A two-wire field bus linking multiple motors and sensors together, the standard way robot joints talk to their controller.
- CANopen / CiA 402 Drive ProfileCANopen / CiA 402 驱动协议A CAN-based industrial protocol, and the device profile within it that standardizes servo-drive behavior.
- A real-time Ethernet-based industrial bus from Beckhoff, commonly used to link a robot's joint drivers together.
- RS-485RS-485 总线A differential twisted-pair serial standard, resistant to noise and usable over long cable runs, common for motors and servos.
- Combining a motor's driver and its motion controller into a single hardware unit.
- A brake mounted on a motor or joint that automatically locks the shaft when power is cut.
- Safe Torque Off (STO)安全扭矩关断A driver safety function that cuts power to a motor in hardware, so it stops producing torque.
- Regenerative Braking and Brake (Shunt) Resistor再生制动与泄放电阻（泄放模块）A motor slowing down feeds energy back like a generator; a shunt resistor burns off the excess as heat.
- ODriveODrive 驱动器A brushless motor driver line from ODrive Robotics, popular with robotics hobbyists and labs.
- mjbots moteusmoteus 驱动器An open-source, palm-sized brushless motor driver from mjbots that turns an RC motor into a servo joint.
3.5Joint-drive design choices
With the parts covered, see how they combine: quasi-direct drive, series elastic, hydraulic, and tendon-driven approaches, trading off gear ratio.
- Whether an external force applied at a joint's output can easily push the whole drivetrain and motor backward.
- The effective inertia felt at a joint's output after the motor rotor's inertia is amplified by the reducer.
- A motor connected straight to the joint or load, with no gearbox or other transmission in between.
- A joint design pairing a high-torque motor with a low gear ratio, balancing strength and compliance.
- Proprioceptive Actuator本体感受式执行器An actuator that senses and controls joint force from motor current alone, with no dedicated force sensor.
- MIT Mini Cheetah ActuatorMIT Cheetah 执行器A quasi-direct-drive joint module MIT designed for the Mini Cheetah quadruped, later widely copied across the industry.
- CubeMars AK Series ActuatorCubeMars AK 系列关节电机An all-in-one joint module from CubeMars combining a planetary reducer and a driver in one unit.
- DAMIAO DM-J4310-2EC Joint Motor达妙 DM-J4310 关节电机A small all-in-one joint actuator from Shenzhen's DAMIAO Technology, common in desktop arms and small humanoid joints.
- Unitree GO-M8010-6 Motor宇树 GO-M8010-6 关节电机An integrated joint-motor module Unitree Robotics sells separately, with a maximum torque of 23.7 N·m.
- Xiaomi CyberGear Micro-Motor小米 CyberGear 微电机A cheap, integrated joint-motor module Xiaomi launched in 2023, with 12 N·m of peak torque.
- An actuator with a spring deliberately placed between the motor and the load, sensing force from spring deflection.
- An actuator whose joint “softness” can be mechanically adjusted on the fly, independent of position.
- Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Actuation (Proximal Actuator Placement)驱动器内置 / 外置（近端布置）Whether a motor sits right at the joint, or is placed near the torso and drives the joint remotely.
- Timing Belt Drive同步带传动A drive that transmits rotation through a toothed belt meshing with toothed pulleys, without slipping.
- Using rigid, hinged rods to transmit power from a motor to a joint.
- Placing the motor far from a joint and pulling it with a cable, like a tendon.
- Bowden Cable鲍登线A flexible cable with an inner wire in an outer sheath, transmitting pull force along a curved path, like a bike brake line.
- Driving a joint with pressurized fluid that pushes a cylinder or hydraulic motor.
- A self-contained hydraulic actuator with its own motor-driven pump and closed oil loop, needing no external hydraulic supply.
- Using compressed air to push a cylinder or soft chamber and produce motion.
- An actuator that contracts and extends like a muscle when triggered by electricity, air pressure, or heat.
- A tube-shaped actuator that shortens and thickens like a real muscle, pulling with force, when inflated.
- Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)形状记忆合金An alloy that springs back to its original shape when heated, useful as an artificial muscle when powered electrically.
- An artificial muscle that squeezes and stretches a soft membrane using electrostatic force from a high voltage.
- A soft actuator that uses high-voltage electrostatics to squeeze a sealed liquid, mimicking muscle contraction.
3.6Grippers and end effectors
From joints to the arm’s tip: the common two-finger gripper, plus suction cups, soft grippers, and quick-change interfaces.
- End Effector末端执行器The tool mounted at the very tip of a robot arm that actually touches and works on objects.
- Gripper夹爪An end effector that grips objects by opening and closing its fingers — simpler than a dexterous hand.
- A gripper whose two fingers stay parallel as they open and close — the simplest and most common design.
- Electric Gripper电动夹爪A motor-driven robot gripper whose opening position, speed, and grip force can all be precisely controlled.
- Franka HandFranka 夹爪The standard two-finger parallel electric gripper that ships with Franka robot arms.
- Robotiq 2F-85 GripperRobotiq 2F-85 夹爪An electric two-finger adaptive gripper from Canada's Robotiq, with an 85 mm opening.
- A gripper with fewer motors than joints, whose fingers automatically conform to an object's shape.
- A robotic gripper with three fingers, sitting between a two-finger gripper and a five-fingered dexterous hand.
- A gripper whose fingers open and close via compressed air pushing a piston.
- An end effector that holds an object using negative pressure from air pulled out of the cup.
- Magnetic Gripper磁力夹爪An end effector that holds steel workpieces using an electromagnet or a switchable permanent magnet.
- Electroadhesion Gripper静电吸附夹爪A gripper that “sticks” to objects using electrostatic attraction from high voltage across electrodes in a flexible pad.
- Soft Gripper软体夹爪A gripper with soft fingers, often silicone, that wraps around an object by deforming instead of gripping rigidly.
- Fin Ray Gripper鳍条夹爪A compliant gripper, inspired by fish fins, whose fingers bend around an object automatically under side pressure.
- A soft bag of granules that molds around an object, then hardens under vacuum to lock it in place.
- Tool Flange工具法兰The standardized round mounting interface at a robot arm's tip, where grippers and other tools attach.
- Tool Changer工具快换盘A coupling that lets a robot arm automatically swap end-of-arm tools within seconds.
- Remote Center Compliance (RCC) Device远中心柔顺装置（RCC）A passive spring mechanism between wrist and gripper that lets a part self-align into a hole during insertion.
3.7Dexterous hands: design and products
More hand-like than a gripper: finger joints and drive methods first, then the leading dexterous-hand products.
- A robotic hand with multiple independently moving fingers, capable of fine manipulation.
- Metacarpophalangeal / Proximal & Distal Interphalangeal Joints (MCP / PIP / DIP)掌指关节 / 指间关节（MCP / PIP / DIP）The three joints from the base of a finger to its tip, standard vocabulary for describing dexterous-hand structure.
- Thumb Opposition拇指对掌The motion of rotating the thumb so its pad faces the pads of the other fingers.
- Fingertip Force / Grip Force指尖力 / 握力How much force a dexterous hand or gripper can apply — fingertip force is per finger, grip force is the whole hand closing.
- Tendon Routing Configurations (N / N+1 / 2N)腱绳驱动配置（N 型 / N+1 型 / 2N 型）Three standard ways to route tendons across N joints, named by how many cords each configuration uses.
- Tendon Material (UHMWPE)腱绳材料（超高分子量聚乙烯纤维 UHMWPE）The high-strength, low-stretch, abrasion-resistant synthetic cord commonly used as tendons in tendon-driven dexterous hands.
- A dexterous hand where a motor mounted right at each active joint drives it directly, with no tendons or linkages.
- Hybrid-Drive Dexterous Hand混合驱动灵巧手A dexterous hand that combines more than one actuation and transmission method within a single hand.
- Allegro HandAllegro 灵巧手A South Korean four-fingered, 16-DOF dexterous hand from Wonik Robotics, a staple in academic research.
- An open-source, low-cost, 16-DOF anthropomorphic dexterous hand from Carnegie Mellon.
- A 17-DOF, open-source, tendon-driven anthropomorphic dexterous hand from ETH Zurich.
- Shadow Dexterous HandShadow 灵巧手A highly humanlike dexterous hand from the UK's Shadow Robot, with 24 joints and 20 actuated degrees of freedom.
- DEX-EE (Shadow Robot × Google DeepMind)Shadow DEX-EE 灵巧手A rugged, three-fingered research dexterous hand co-developed by Shadow Robot and Google DeepMind.
- Inspire RH56 Dexterous Hand因时 RH56 灵巧手A five-fingered dexterous hand from Inspire Robotics, with 6 motors driving 12 joints.
- BrainCo Revo Hand强脑科技 Revo 灵巧手A lightweight bionic dexterous hand from BrainCo; the Revo 2 has 6 motors, 11 degrees of freedom, and weighs about 383 g.
- A tactile bionic prosthetic hand from US company PSYONIC, also commonly used as a robotics dexterous hand.
- Unitree Dex3-1宇树 Dex3-1 灵巧手Unitree's three-fingered, force-controlled dexterous hand for the G1 humanoid, with 7 degrees of freedom.
- Unitree Dex5-1宇树 Dex5-1 灵巧手A 20-degree-of-freedom five-fingered dexterous hand from Unitree Robotics, available in a tactile-sensing version.
- AgiBot OmniHand (OmniHand 2025 / OmniHand Pro 2025)智元 OmniHand 灵巧手A five-fingered dexterous-hand line launched by AgiBot in 2025, in Lite and Pro versions.
- RobotEra XHAND1星动纪元 XHAND1 灵巧手RobotEra's 12-DOF, fully electric, five-fingered dexterous hand with tactile arrays on the fingertips.
- Wuji Hand舞肌 Wuji HandA fully direct-drive dexterous hand with 20 actively driven degrees of freedom, made by Shenzhen-based Wuji Tech.
- Linker Hand灵心巧手 Linker HandA dexterous-hand product line from Beijing's Linkerbot, spanning tendon-driven, linkage, and direct-drive designs.
- SharpaWaveSharpa Wave 灵巧手Sharpa's human-hand-sized, 22-DOF dexterous hand with high-density vision-based tactile sensing on each fingertip.
- Tesla Optimus Hand特斯拉 Optimus 灵巧手Tesla's in-house dexterous hand for its Optimus humanoid robot; the third generation has 22 degrees of freedom.
3.8Mobile bases and legs
From hands to the lower body: the wheel layouts used in mobile bases, and what legs and feet look like on legged robots.
- The wheeled lower half of a robot that carries the upper body around.
- A mobile base with two independently driven wheels that steers by varying the speed of each side.
- A drive motor built directly into a wheel's hub, turning the wheel itself.
- A mobile base that turns by angling its front wheels, like a car.
- Mecanum Wheel麦克纳姆轮An omnidirectional wheel ringed with angled rollers that lets a base drive sideways.
- Omni Wheel全向轮A wheel ringed with small rollers that lets it roll forward normally but also slide sideways with no resistance.
- A wheel module that both drives and steers on its own, letting the whole chassis move in any direction.
- A vertical linear-motion axis on a mobile base that raises or lowers a robot's torso or arms.
- A leg that looks like its knee bends backward, but is actually walking on its toes, like a bird.
- Safety Gantry (Suspended Start)吊装架（安全吊架）A rig that suspends a humanoid or legged robot during testing so a fall doesn't damage it.
3.9Compute, controllers, and processing
After limbs, the brain: the onboard computer and compute specs that run models, plus the real-time controllers underneath.
- The main computer mounted on a robot that runs perception and model inference.
- NVIDIA Jetson英伟达 JetsonNVIDIA's family of embedded AI computing platforms built for robots and edge devices.
- NVIDIA Jetson OrinJetson OrinNVIDIA's Ampere-architecture embedded AI module family, launched starting in 2022.
- NVIDIA Jetson ThorJetson ThorNVIDIA's Blackwell-based newest embedded compute platform, built especially for humanoid robots.
- System on Chip (SoC)片上系统（SoC）A complete computing system on one chip, integrating a CPU, GPU, and AI accelerator.
- Neural Processing Unit (NPU)神经网络处理器（NPU / BPU）A low-power chip block specialized for the matrix math inside neural networks.
- TOPS (Tera Operations Per Second)TOPS（每秒万亿次运算）The standard unit for AI chip compute: how many trillion operations it can do per second.
- FLOPS / TFLOPS (Floating-Point Operations per Second)浮点算力（FLOPS / TFLOPS）How many floating-point calculations a chip can do per second; a TFLOPS is a trillion per second.
- System-on-Module (SoM) / Carrier Board / Developer Kit核心模组与载板（SoM / 载板 / 开发者套件）An embedded-hardware pattern where a chip ships as a small module that plugs into a carrier board with the actual connectors.
- Rockchip RK3588瑞芯微 RK3588An 8nm, eight-core ARM chip from Rockchip with a 6 TOPS NPU, a common low-cost robot compute platform.
- Black Sesame SesameX黑芝麻 SesameXAn embodied-AI computing platform for robots from automotive-chip maker Black Sesame Technologies.
- Qualcomm Dragonwing IQ10高通跃龙 IQ10Qualcomm's high-end onboard processor platform for industrial and humanoid robots.
- The computer that issues commands and does high-level computing, while a lower-level controller executes them.
- The embedded control board wired directly to sensors and motors, running real-time low-level control.
- Embedded System嵌入式系统A small computer system built into a device to handle one specific control task.
- A small control chip integrating a processor, memory, and peripheral interfaces on a single die.
- A family of 32-bit microcontrollers from STMicroelectronics, built on Arm Cortex-M cores.
- Arduino / ESP32 Microcontroller BoardsArduino / ESP32 开发板Cheap, beginner-friendly microcontroller boards commonly used to drive servos and read sensors.
- Raspberry Pi树莓派A low-cost, credit-card-sized computer from the UK, a common onboard computer for beginner robotics.
- Putting AI inference compute and real-time motion control on the same chip or the same board.
- D-Robotics RDK S100地瓜 RDK S100A single-chip “compute-control integrated” robot dev kit from D-Robotics, starting at 80 TOPS.
- Robot Controller机器人控制器The control box paired with a robot arm, housing its motion-control computer, servo drives, and safety circuits.
- The handheld control unit for an industrial robot arm, used to jog it, teach positions, and write motion programs.
- A computer hardened for harsh environments such as factory floors.
- Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)PLC（可编程逻辑控制器）A specialized industrial computer that controls equipment actions and production-line logic in a factory.
- GPU Memory (VRAM)GPU 显存The high-speed memory built into a graphics card that limits how big a model and batch can be.
- Common Training and Inference GPUs (RTX 4090 / A100 / H100 / B200)常用 GPU 型号（RTX 4090 / A100 / H100 / B200）The handful of NVIDIA GPUs most often used to train and run embodied-AI models, differing mainly in memory and compute.
3.10Batteries, frame, and lab gear
Rounding out the whole robot: battery life, wiring, materials and system specs, plus equipment labs commonly pair with it.
- How long a robot can keep working on a single full battery charge.
- A battery that can be swapped for a charged one quickly, without powering down or removing screws.
- A robot that walks itself to a swap station and replaces its own battery when it's low, with no human help.
- A robot that finds its own way back to a charging dock and lines itself up to recharge when the battery runs low.
- Charging a battery across a small gap using electromagnetic induction, with no plug involved.
- The circuitry and software that monitor and protect a battery pack and estimate its remaining charge.
- A lithium battery that replaces the liquid electrolyte with a solid one.
- The bundled, connectorized assembly of power and signal cables routed through a robot.
- Routing cables through the center bore of a joint's motor and reducer instead of along the outside.
- A rotating electrical connector that keeps power and signal flowing between a spinning part and a fixed one.
- Pose Repeatability重复定位精度How closely a robot returns to the same point each time it's commanded there.
- The two-digit international standard rating for how well a device resists dust and water.
- A robot's rated payload divided by its own weight; higher means lighter and stronger for its size.
- Lightweighting (Magnesium Alloy / Carbon Fiber)轻量化（镁合金 / 碳纤维）Using light materials like magnesium alloy, carbon fiber, and engineering plastics to cut a robot's weight.
- Using PEEK and other engineering plastics instead of metal for robot structural and transmission parts, to cut weight and cost.
- A heat-resistant, high-strength engineering plastic gaining interest as a way to cut robot weight.
- 3D Printing (FDM / Resin SLA)3D 打印（FDM / 光固化）Building a part by depositing material layer by layer — the go-to lab tool for fast grippers and mounts.
- Hardware whose blueprints, parts list, and firmware are public for anyone to copy or modify.
- Exoskeleton外骨骼A wearable mechanical structure whose joints line up with the body's, used to assist motion or to record it.
- VR HeadsetVR 头显A head-worn virtual/mixed-reality device, commonly used to teleoperate robots in embodied AI.
- Meta Quest 3 / PICO 4 Ultra XR HeadsetsMeta Quest 3 / PICO 4 Ultra 头显Two consumer mixed-reality headsets commonly repurposed for robot teleoperation.